This posted was drafted by EFF legal intern Alexandra Halbeck

The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which covers California and most of the Western U.S., just delivered good news for digital privacy: abandoning a phone doesn’t abandon your Fourth Amendment rights in the phone’s contents. In United States v. Hunt, the court made clear that no longer having control of a device is not the same thing as surrendering the privacy of the information it contains. As a result, courts must separately analyze whether someone intended to abandon a physical phone and whether they intended to abandon the data stored within it. Given how much personal information our phones contain, it will be unlikely for courts to find that someone truly intended to give up their privacy rights in that data.

This approach mirrors what EFF urged in the amicus brief we filed in Hunt, joined by the ACLU, ACLU of Oregon, EPIC, and NACDL. We argued that a person may be separated from—or even discard—a device, yet still retain a robust privacy interest in the information it holds. Treating phones like wallets or backpacks ignores the reality of technology. Smartphones are comprehensive archives of our lives, containing years of messages, photos, location history, health data, browsing habits, and countless other intimate details. As the Supreme Court recognized in Riley v. California, our phones hold “the privacies of life,” and accessing those digital contents generally requires a warrant. This is an issue EFF has worked on across the country, and it is gratifying to see such an unambiguous ruling from an influential appellate court.

The facts of Hunt underscore why the court’s distinction between a device and its contents matters. In 2017, Dontae Hunt was shot multiple times and dropped an iPhone while fleeing for medical help. Police collected the phone from the crime scene and kept it as evidence. Nearly three years later—during an unrelated drug investigation—federal agents obtained a warrant and searched the phone’s contents. Hunt challenged both the warrantless seizure and the later search, arguing he never intended to abandon either the device or its data.

The court rejected the government’s sweeping abandonment theory and drew a crucial line for the digital age: even if police have legal possession of hardware, they do not have green light to rummage through its contents. The panel emphasized that courts must treat the device and the data as separate questions under a Fourth Amendment analysis.

In this specific case, because the government ultimately obtained a warrant before searching the device, that aspect of the case survived constitutional scrutiny—but crucially, only on that basis. The court also found that police acted reasonably in initially seizing the phone during the shooting investigation and keeping it as unclaimed property until a warrant could be obtained to search it.

Under Hunt, if officers find a phone that’s been misplaced, dropped during an emergency, or otherwise separated from its owner, they cannot leap from custody of the glass-and-metal shell to unfettered access to the comprehensive digital record inside. This decision ensures that constitutional protections don’t evaporate just because someone abandons their device, and that warrants still matter in the digital age. Our constitutional rights should follow our digital lives—no matter where our devices may end up.

It's easy to keep up with the fight for digital privacy and free expression. Our EFFector newsletter delivers bite-sized updates, stories, and actions you can take to stay informed and help out.

In this latest issue, we show how libraries and schools can safeguard their computers with Privacy Badger; highlight the dangers of unaccountable corporations and billionaires buying surveillance tech for police; and share news that EFF’s Executive Director, Cindy Cohn, will be stepping down in mid-2026 after more than two decades of leadership.

EFFector isn’t just for reading—you can listen, too! In our audio companion, EFF Senior Staff Technologist Cooper Quintin explains why ICE’s contract with Paragon Solutions is so dangerous. Catch the conversation on YouTube or the Internet Archive.

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Since 1990 EFF has published EFFector to help keep readers on the bleeding edge of their digital rights. We know that the intersection of technology, civil liberties, human rights, and the law can be complicated, so EFFector is a great way to stay on top of things. The newsletter is chock full of links to updates, announcements, blog posts, and other stories to help keep readers—and listeners—up to date on the movement to protect online privacy and free expression. 

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This is the second instalment in a ten-part blog series documenting EFF's findings from the Stop Censoring Abortion campaign. You can read additional posts here. 

During our Stop Censoring Abortion campaign, we set out to collect and spotlight the growing number of stories from people and organizations that have had abortion-related content removed, suppressed, or flagged by dominant social media platforms. Our survey submissions have revealed some alarming trends, including: if you don’t have a personal or second-degree connection at Meta, your chances of restoring your content or account are likely to drop significantly. 

Through the survey, we heard from activists, clinics, and researchers whose accounts were suspended or permanently removed for allegedly violating Meta’s policies on promoting or selling “restricted goods,” even when their posts were purely educational or informational. What the submissions also showed is a pattern of overenforcement, lack of transparency, and arbitrary moderation decisions that have specifically affected reproductive health and reproductive justice advocates. 

When accounts are taken down, appeals can take days, weeks, or even months (if they're even resolved at all, or if users are even given the option to appeal). For organizations and providers, this means losing access to vital communication tools and being cut off from the communities they serve. This is highly damaging since so much of that interaction happens on Meta’s platforms. Yet we saw a disturbing pattern emerge in our survey: on several occasions, accounts are swiftly restored once someone with a connection to Meta intervenes.

The Case Studies: An Abortion Clinic

The Red River Women's Clinic is an abortion clinic in Moorhead, MN. It was originally located in Fargo, North Dakota, and for many years was the only abortion clinic in North Dakota. In early January, the clinic’s director heard from a patient that she thought they only offered procedural/surgical abortions and not medication abortion. To clarify for other patients, they posted on the clinic’s page that they offered both procedural and medication abortions—attaching an image of a box of mifepristone. When they tried to boost the post, the ad was flagged and their account was suspended.

They appealed the decision and initially got the ad approved, yet the page was suspended again shortly after. But this time, multiple appeals and direct emails went unanswered, until they reached out to a digital rights organization that was able to connect with staff at Meta that stepped in. Only then was their page restored, with Meta noting that their post did not violate the policies but warning that future violations could lead to permanent removal.

While this may have been a glitch in Meta’s systems or a misapplication of policy, the suspension of the clinic’s Facebook account was detrimental for them. “We were unable to update our followers about dates/times we were closed, we were unable to share important information and news about abortion that would have kept our followers up to date, there was a legislative session happening and we were unable to share events and timely asks for reaching out to legislators about issues,” shared Tammi Kromenaker, Director of Red River Women's Clinic. The clinic was also prevented from starting an Instagram page due to the suspension. “Facebook has a certain audience and Instagram has another audience,” said Kromenaker, “we are trying to cater to all of our supporters so the loss of FB and the inability to access and start an Instagram account were really troubling to us.” 

The Case Studies: RISE at Emory University

RISE, a reproductive health research center at Emory University, launched an Instagram account to share community-centered research and combat misinformation related to reproductive health. In January of this year, they posted educational content about mifepristone on their instagram. “Let's talk about Mifepristone + its uses + the importance of access”, read the post. Two months later, their account was suddenly suspended, flagging the account under its policy against selling illegal drugs. Their appeal was denied, which led to the account being permanently deleted. 

Screenshot submitted by RISE to EFF

“As a team, this was a hit to our morale” shared Sara Redd, Director of Research Translation at RISE. “We pour countless hours of person-power, creativity, and passion into creating the content we have on our page, and having it vanish virtually overnight took a toll on our team.” For many organizational users like RISE, their social media accounts are a repository for resources and metrics that may not be stored elsewhere. “We spent a significant amount of already-constrained team capacity attempting to recover all of the content we’d created for Instagram that was potentially going to be permanently lost. [...] We also spent a significant amount of time and energy trying to understand what options we might have available from Meta to appeal our case and/or recover our account; their support options are not easily accessible, and the time it took to navigate this issue distracted from our existing work.”  

Meta restored the account only after RISE was able to connect with someone there. Once RISE logged back in, they confirmed that the flagged post was the one about mifepristone. The post never sold or directed people where to buy pills, it simply provided accurate information about the use and efficacy of the drug. 

This Shouldn’t Be How Content Moderation Works

Meta spokespersons have admitted to instances of “overenforcement” in various press statements, noting that content is sometimes incorrectly removed or blurred even when it doesn’t actually violate policy. Meta has insisted to the public that they care about free speech, as a spokesperson mentioned to The New York Times: “We want our platforms to be a place where people can access reliable information about health services, advertisers can promote health services and everyone can discuss and debate public policies in this space [...] That’s why we allow posts and ads about, discussing and debating abortion.” In fact, their platform policies directly mention this: 

Note that advertisers don’t need authorization to run ads that only:

• Educate, advocate or give public service announcements related to prescription drugs

Additionally: 

Note: Debating or advocating for the legality or discussing scientific or medical merits of prescription drugs is allowed. This includes news and public service announcements. 

Meta also has policies specific to “Health and Wellness,” where they state: 

When targeting people 18 years or older, advertisers can run ads that:

• Promote sexual and reproductive health and wellness products or services, as long as the focus is on health and the medical efficacy of the product or the service and not on the sexual pleasure or enhancement. And these ads must target people 18 years or older. This includes ads for: [...]
• Family planning methods, such as:
  • Family planning clinics
  • In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) or any other artificial insemination procedures
  • Fertility awareness
  • Abortion medical consultation and related services

But these public commitments don’t always match users’ experiences. 

Take the widely covered case of Aid Access, a group that provides medication abortion by mail. This year, several of their Instagram posts were blurred and removed on Instagram, including one with tips for feeling safe and supported at home after taking abortion medication. But only after multiple national media outlets contacted Meta for comment on the story were the posts and account restored.

So the question becomes: If Meta admits its enforcement isn’t perfect, why does it still take knowing someone, or having the media involved, to get a fair review? When companies like Meta claim to uphold commitments to free speech, those commitments should materialize in clear policies that are enforced equally, not only when it is escalated through leveraging relationships with Meta personnel.

“Facebook Jail” Reform

There is no question that the enforcement of these content moderation policies on Meta platforms and the length of time people are spending in “content jail” or “Facebook/Instagram jail” has created a chilling effect. 

“I think that I am more cautious and aware that the 6.1K followers we have built up over time could be taken away at any time based on the whims of Meta,” Tammi from Red River Women’s Clinic told us. 

RISE sees it in a slightly different light, sharing that “[w]hile this experience has not affected our fundamental values and commitment to sharing our work and rigorous science, it has highlighted for us that no information posted on a third-party platform is entirely one’s own, and thus can be dismantled at any moment.”

At the end of the day, clinics are left afraid to post basic information, patients are left confused or misinformed, and researchers lose access to their audiences. But unless your issue catches the attention of a journalist or you know someone at Meta, you might never regain access to your account.

These case studies highlight the urgent need for transparent, equitable, and timely enforcement that is not dependent on insider connections, as well as accountability from platforms that claim to support open dialogue and free speech. Meta’s admitted overenforcement should, at minimum, be coupled with efficient and well-staffed review processes and policies that are transparent and easily understandable. 

It’s time for Meta and other social media platforms to implement the reforms they claim to support, and for them to prove that protecting access to vital health information doesn’t hinge on who you know.

This is the second post in our blog series documenting the findings from our Stop Censoring Abortion campaign. Read more in the series: https://www.eff.org/pages/stop-censoring-abortion   

The Mexican government passed a package of outrageously privacy-invasive laws in July that gives both civil and military law enforcement forces access to troves of personal data and forces every individual to turn over biometric information regardless of any suspicion of crime.   

The laws create a new interconnected intelligence system dubbed the Central Intelligence Platform, under which intelligence and security agencies at all levels of government—federal, state and municipal—have the power to access, from any entity public or private, personal information for “intelligence purposes,” including license plate numbers, biometric information, telephone details that allow the identification of individuals, financial, banking, and health records, public and private property records, tax data, and more. 

You read that right. Banks’ customer information databases? Straight into the platform. Hospital patient records? Same thing. 

The laws were ostensively passed in the name of gathering intelligence to fight high-impact crime. Civil society organizations, including our partners RD3 and Article 19 Mexico, have raised alarms about the bills—as R3D put it, these new laws establish an uncontrolled system of surveillance and social control that goes against privacy and free expression rights and the presumption of innocence.  

In a concept note made public recently, RD3 breaks down exactly how bad the bills are. The General Population Act forces every person in Mexico to enroll in a mandatory biometric ID system with fingerprints and a photo. Under the law, public and private entities are required to ask for the ID for any transaction or access to services, such as banking, healthcare, education, and access to social programs. All data generated through the ID mandate will feed into a new Unique Identity Platform under the Disappeared Persons Act.  

The use of biometric IDs creates a system for tracking activities of the population—also accessible through the Central Intelligence Platform.  

The Telecommunications Act requires telecom companies to create a registry that connects people’s phone numbers with their biometric ID held by the government and cut services off to customers who won’t go along with the practice.  

It gets worse. 

The Intelligence Act explicitly guarantees the armed forces, through the National Guard, legal access to the Central Intelligence Platform, which enables real-time consultation of interconnected databases across sectors.  

Companies, both domestic and international, must either interconnect their databases or hand over information on request. Mexican authorities can share that information even with foreign governments. It also exempts judicial authorization requirements for certain types of surveillance and classifies the entire system as confidential, with criminal penalties for disclosure. All of this is allowed without any suspicion of a crime or prior judicial approval.  

We urge everyone to pay close attention to and support efforts to hold the Mexican government accountable for this egregious surveillance system. RD3 challenged the laws in court and international support is critical to raise awareness and push back.  As R3D put it, "collaboration is vital for the defense of human rights," especially in the face of uncontrolled powers set by disproportionate laws.  

We couldn’t agree more and stand with our Mexican allies. 

The field of tissue engineering aims to replicate the structure and function of real biological tissues. This engineered tissue has potential applications in disease modeling, drug discovery, and implantable grafts.

3D bioprinting, which uses living cells, biocompatible materials, and growth factors to build three-dimensional tissue and organ structures, has emerged as a key tool in the field. To date, one of the most-used approaches for bioprinting relies on additive manufacturing techniques and digital models, depositing 2D layers of bio-inks, composed of cells in a soft gel, into a support bath, layer-by-layer, to build a 3D structure. While these techniques do enable fabrication of complex architectures with features that are not easy to build manually, current approaches have limitations.

“A major drawback of current 3D bioprinting approaches is that they do not integrate process control methods that limit defects in printed tissues. Incorporating process control could improve inter-tissue reproducibility and enhance resource efficiency, for example limiting material waste,” says Ritu Raman, the Eugene Bell Career Development Chair of Tissue Engineering and an assistant professor of mechanical engineering.

She adds, “given the diverse array of available 3D bioprinting tools, there is a significant need to develop process optimization techniques that are modular, efficient, and accessible.”

The need motivated Raman to seek the expertise of Professor Bianca Colosimo of the Polytechnic University of Milan, also known as Polimi. Colosimo recently completed a sabbatical at MIT, which was hosted by John Hart, Class of 1922 Professor, co-director of MIT’s Initiative for New Manufacturing, director of the Center for Advanced Production Technologies, and head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering.

“Artificial Intelligence and data mining are already reshaping our daily lives, and their impact will be even more profound in the emerging field of 3D bioprinting, and in manufacturing at large,” says Colosimo. During her MIT sabbatical, she collaborated with Raman and her team to co-develop a solution that represents a first step toward intelligent bioprinting.

“This solution is now available in both our labs at Polimi and MIT, serving as a twin platform to exchange data and results across different environments and paving the way for many new joint projects in the years to come,” Colosimo says.

A new paper by Raman, Colosimo, and lead authors Giovanni Zanderigo, a Rocca Fellow at Polimi, and Ferdows Afghah of MIT published this week in the journal Device presents a novel technique that addresses this challenge. The team built and validated a modular, low-cost, and printer-agnostic monitoring technique that integrates a compact tool for layer-by-layer imaging. In their method, a digital microscope captures high-resolution images of tissues during printing and rapidly compares them to the intended design with an AI-based image analysis pipeline.

“This method enabled us to quickly identify print defects, such as depositing too much or too little bio-ink, thus helping us identify optimal print parameters for a variety of different materials,” says Raman. “The approach is a low-cost — less than $500 — scalable, and adaptable solution that can be readily implemented on any standard 3D bioprinter. Here at MIT, the monitoring platform has already been integrated into the 3D bioprinting facilities in The SHED. Beyond MIT, our research offers a practical path toward greater reproducibility, improved sustainability, and automation in the field of tissue engineering. This research could have a positive impact on human health by improving the quality of the tissues we fabricate to study and treat debilitating injuries and disease.”

The authors indicate that the new method is more than a monitoring tool. It also ‎serves as a foundation for intelligent process control in embedded bioprinting. By enabling real-‎time inspection, adaptive correction, and automated parameter tuning, the researchers anticipate that the approach can improve ‎reproducibility, reduce material waste, and accelerate process optimization‎ for real-world applications in tissue engineering.

A genome-editing technique known as prime editing holds potential for treating many diseases by transforming faulty genes into functional ones. However, the process carries a small chance of inserting errors that could be harmful.

MIT researchers have now found a way to dramatically lower the error rate of prime editing, using modified versions of the proteins involved in the process. This advance could make it easier to develop gene therapy treatments for a variety of diseases, the researchers say.

“This paper outlines a new approach to doing gene editing that doesn’t complicate the delivery system and doesn’t add additional steps, but results in a much more precise edit with fewer unwanted mutations,” says Phillip Sharp, an MIT Institute Professor Emeritus, a member of MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and one of the senior authors of the new study.

With their new strategy, the MIT team was able to improve the error rate of prime editors from about one error in seven edits to one in 101 for the most-used editing mode, or from one error in 122 edits to one in 543 for a high-precision mode.

“For any drug, what you want is something that is effective, but with as few side effects as possible,” says Robert Langer, the David H. Koch Institute Professor at MIT, a member of the Koch Institute, and one of the senior authors of the new study. “For any disease where you might do genome editing, I would think this would ultimately be a safer, better way of doing it.”

Koch Institute research scientist Vikash Chauhan is the lead author of the paper, which appears today in Nature.

The potential for error

The earliest forms of gene therapy, first tested in the 1990s, involved delivering new genes carried by viruses. Subsequently, gene-editing techniques that use enzymes such as zinc finger nucleases to correct genes were developed. These nucleases are difficult to engineer, however, so adapting them to target different DNA sequences is a very laborious process.

Many years later, the CRISPR genome-editing system was discovered in bacteria, offering scientists a potentially much easier way to edit the genome. The CRISPR system consists of an enzyme called Cas9 that can cut double-stranded DNA at a particular spot, along with a guide RNA that tells Cas9 where to cut. Researchers have adapted this approach to cut out faulty gene sequences or to insert new ones, following an RNA template.

In 2019, researchers at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard reported the development of prime editing: a new system, based on CRISPR, that is more precise and has fewer off-target effects. A recent study reported that prime editors were successfully used to treat a patient with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a rare genetic disease that affects white blood cells.

“In principle, this technology could eventually be used to address many hundreds of genetic diseases by correcting small mutations directly in cells and tissues,” Chauhan says.

One of the advantages of prime editing is that it doesn’t require making a double-stranded cut in the target DNA. Instead, it uses a modified version of Cas9 that cuts just one of the complementary strands, opening up a flap where a new sequence can be inserted. A guide RNA delivered along with the prime editor serves as the template for the new sequence.

Once the new sequence has been copied, however, it must compete with the old DNA strand to be incorporated into the genome. If the old strand outcompetes the new one, the extra flap of new DNA hanging off may accidentally get incorporated somewhere else, giving rise to errors.

Many of these errors might be relatively harmless, but it’s possible that some could eventually lead to tumor development or other complications. With the most recent version of prime editors, this error rate ranges from one per seven edits to one per 121 edits for different editing modes.

“The technologies we have now are really a lot better than earlier gene therapy tools, but there’s always a chance for these unintended consequences,” Chauhan says.

Precise editing

To reduce those error rates, the MIT team decided to take advantage of a phenomenon they had observed in a 2023 study. In that paper, they found that while Cas9 usually cuts in the same DNA location every time, some mutated versions of the protein show a relaxation of those constraints. Instead of always cutting the same location, those Cas9 proteins would sometimes make their cut one or two bases further along the DNA sequence.

This relaxation, the researchers discovered, makes the old DNA strands less stable, so they get degraded, making it easier for the new strands to be incorporated without introducing any errors.

In the new study, the researchers were able to identify Cas9 mutations that dropped the error rate to 1/20th its original value. Then, by combining pairs of those mutations, they created a Cas9 editor that lowered the error rate even further, to 1/36th the original amount.

To make the editors even more accurate, the researchers incorporated their new Cas9 proteins into a prime editing system that has an RNA binding protein that stabilizes the ends of the RNA template more efficiently. This final editor, which the researchers call vPE, had an error rate just 1/60th of the original, ranging from one in 101 edits to one in 543 edits for different editing modes. These tests were performed in mouse and human cells.

The MIT team is now working on further improving the efficiency of prime editors, through further modifications of Cas9 and the RNA template. They are also working on ways to deliver the editors to specific tissues of the body, which is a longstanding challenge in gene therapy.

They also hope that other labs will begin using the new prime editing approach in their research studies. Prime editors are commonly used to explore many different questions, including how tissues develop, how populations of cancer cells evolve, and how cells respond to drug treatment.

“Genome editors are used extensively in research labs,” Chauhan says. “So the therapeutic aspect is exciting, but we are really excited to see how people start to integrate our editors into their research workflows.”

The research was funded by the Life Sciences Research Foundation, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, the National Cancer Institute, and the Koch Institute Support (core) Grant from the National Cancer Institute.

George Tynan followed a nonlinear path to fusion.

Following his undergraduate degree in aerospace engineering, Tynann's work in the industry spurred his interest in rocket propulsion technology. Because most methods for propulsion involve the manipulation of hot ionized matter, or plasmas, Tynan focused his attention on plasma physics.

It was then that he realized that plasmas could also drive nuclear fusion. “As a potential energy source, it could really be transformative, and the idea that I could work on something that could have that kind of impact on the future was really attractive to me,” he says.

That same drive, to realize the promise of fusion by researching both plasma physics and fusion engineering, drives Tynan today. It’s work he will be pursuing as the Norman C. Rasmussen Adjunct Professor in the Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering (NSE) at MIT.

An early interest in fluid flow

Tynan’s enthusiasm for science and engineering traces back to his childhood. His electrical engineer father found employment in the U.S. space program and moved the family to Cape Canaveral in Florida.

“This was in the ’60s, when we were launching Saturn V to the moon, and I got to watch all the launches from the beach,” Tynan remembers. That experience was formative and Tynan became fascinated with how fluids flow.

“I would stick my hand out the window and pretend it was an airplane wing and tilt it with oncoming wind flow and see how the force would change on my hand,” Tynan laughs. The interest eventually led to an undergraduate degree in aerospace engineering at California State Polytechnic University in Pomona.

The switch to a new career would happen after work in the private sector, when Tynan discovered an interest in the use of plasmas for propulsion systems. He moved to the University of California at Los Angeles for graduate school, and it was here that the realization that plasmas could also anchor fusion moved Tynan into this field.

This was in the ’80s, when climate change was not as much in the public consciousness as it is today. Even so, “I knew there’s not an infinite amount of oil and gas around, and that at some point we would have to have widespread adoption of nuclear-based sources,” Tynan remembers. He was also attracted by the sustained effort it would take to make fusion a reality.

Doctoral work

To create energy from fusion, it’s important to get an accurate measurement of the “energy confinement time,” which is a measure of how long it takes for the hot fuel to cool down when all heat sources are turned off. When Tynan started graduate school, this measure was still an empirical guess. He decided to focus his research on the physics of observable confinement time.

It was during this doctoral research that Tynan was able to study the fundamental differences in the behavior of turbulence in plasma as compared to conventional fluids. Typically, when an ordinary fluid is stirred with increasing vigor, the fluid’s motion eventually becomes chaotic or turbulent. However, plasmas can act in a surprising way: confined plasmas, when heated sufficiently strongly, would spontaneously quench the turbulent transport at the boundary of the plasma

An experiment in Germany had unexpectedly discovered this plasma behavior. While subsequent work on other experimental devices confirmed this surprising finding, all earlier experiments lacked the ability to measure the turbulence in detail.

Brian LaBombard, now a senior research scientist at MIT’s Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC), was a postdoc at UCLA at the time. Under LaBombard’s direction, Tynan developed a set of Langmuir probes, which are reasonably simple diagnostics for plasma turbulence studies, to further investigate this unusual phenomenon. It formed the basis for his doctoral dissertation. “I happened to be at the right place at the right time so I could study this turbulence quenching phenomenon in much more detail than anyone else could, up until that time,” Tynan says.

As a PhD student and then postdoc, Tynan studied the phenomenon in depth, shuttling between research facilities in Germany, Princeton University’s Plasma Physics Laboratory, and UCLA.

Fusion at UCSD

After completing his doctorate and postdoctoral work, Tynan worked at a startup for a few years when he learned that the University of California at San Diego was launching a new fusion research group at the engineering school. When they reached out, Tynan joined the faculty and built a research program focused on plasma turbulence and plasma-material interactions in fusion systems. Eventually, he became associate dean of engineering, and later, chair of the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, serving in these roles for nearly a decade.

Tynan visited MIT on sabbatical in 2023, when his conversations with NSE faculty members Dennis Whyte, Zach Hartwig, and Michael Short excited him about the challenges the private sector faces in making fusion a reality. He saw opportunities to solve important problems at MIT that complemented his work at UC San Diego.

Tynan is excited to tackle what he calls, “the big physics and engineering challenges of fusion plasmas” at NSE: how to remove the heat and exhaust generated by burning plasma so it doesn’t damage the walls of the fusion device and the plasma does not choke on the helium ash. He also hopes to explore robust engineering solutions for practical fusion energy, with a particular focus on developing better materials for use in fusion devices that will make them longer-lasting, while  minimizing the production of radioactive waste.

“Ten or 15 years ago, I was somewhat pessimistic that I would ever see commercial exploitation of fusion in my lifetime,” Tynan says. But that outlook has changed, as he has seen collaborations between MIT and Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS) and other private-sector firms that seek to accelerate the timeline to the deployment of fusion in the real world.

In 2021, for example, MIT’s PSFC and CFS took a significant step toward commercial carbon-free power generation. They designed and built a high-temperature superconducting magnet, the strongest fusion magnet in the world.

The milestone was especially exciting because the promise of realizing the dream of fusion energy now felt closer. And being at MIT “seemed like a really quick way to get deeply connected with what’s going on in the efforts to develop fusion energy,” Tynan says.

In addition, “while on sabbatical at MIT, I saw how quickly research staff and students can capitalize on a suggestion of a new idea, and that intrigued me,” he adds.

Tynan brings his special blend of expertise to the table. In addition to extensive experience in plasma physics, he has spent a lot more time on hardcore engineering issues like materials, as well. “The key is to integrate the whole thing into a workable and viable system,” Tynan says.

To most, the Arctic can feel like an abstract place, difficult to imagine beyond images of ice and polar bears. But researcher David Whelihan of MIT Lincoln Laboratory's Advanced Undersea Systems and Technology Group is no stranger to the Arctic. Through Operation Ice Camp, a U.S. Navy–sponsored biennial mission to assess operational readiness in the Arctic region, he has traveled to this vast and remote wilderness twice over the past few years to test low-cost sensor nodes developed by the group to monitor loss in Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. The research team envisions establishing a network of such sensors across the Arctic that will persistently detect ice-fracturing events and correlate these events with environmental conditions to provide insights into why the sea ice is breaking up. Whelihan shared his perspectives on why the Arctic matters and what operating there is like.

Q: Why do we need to be able to operate in the Arctic?

A: Spanning approximately 5.5 million square miles, the Arctic is huge, and one of its salient features is that the ice covering much of the Arctic Ocean is decreasing in volume with every passing year. Melting ice opens up previously impassable areas, resulting in increasing interest from potential adversaries and allies alike for activities such as military operations, commercial shipping, and natural resource extraction. Through Alaska, the United States has approximately 1,060 miles of Arctic coastline that is becoming much more accessible because of reduced ice cover. So, U.S. operation in the Arctic is a matter of national security.  

Q: What are the technological limitations to Arctic operations?

A: The Arctic is an incredibly harsh environment. The cold kills battery life, so collecting sensor data at high rates over long periods of time is very difficult. The ice is dynamic and can easily swallow or crush sensors. In addition, most deployments involve "boots-on-the-ice," which is expensive and at times dangerous. One of the technological limitations is how to deploy sensors while keeping humans alive.

Q: How does the group's sensor node R&D work seek to support Arctic operations?

A: A lot of the work we put into our sensors pertains to deployability. Our ultimate goal is to free researchers from going onto the ice to deploy sensors. This goal will become increasingly necessary as the shrinking ice pack becomes more dynamic, unstable, and unpredictable. At the last Operation Ice Camp (OIC) in March 2024, we built and rapidly tested deployable and recoverable sensors, as well as novel concepts such as using UAVs (uncrewed aerial vehicles), or drones, as "data mules" that can fly out to and interrogate the sensors to see what they captured. We also built a prototype wearable system that cues automatic download of sensor data over Wi-Fi so that operators don't have to take off their gloves.

Q: The Arctic Circle is the northernmost region on Earth. How do you reach this remote place?

A: We usually fly on commercial airlines from Boston to Seattle to Anchorage to Prudhoe Bay on the North Slope of Alaska. From there, the Navy flies us on small prop planes, like Single and Twin Otters, about 200 miles north and lands us on an ice runway built by the Navy's Arctic Submarine Lab (ASL). The runway is part of a temporary camp that ASL establishes on floating sea ice for their operational readiness exercises conducted during OIC.

Q: Think back to the first time you stepped foot in the Arctic. Can you paint a picture of what you experienced?

A: My first experience was at Prudhoe Bay, coming out of the airport, which is a corrugated metal building with a single gate. Before you open the door to the outside, a sign warns you to be on the lookout for polar bears. Walking out into the sheer desolation and blinding whiteness of everything made me realize I was experiencing something very new.

When I flew out onto the ice and stepped out of the plane, I was amazed that the area could somehow be even more desolate. Bright white snowy ice goes in every direction, broken up by pressure ridges that form when ice sheets collide. The sun is low, and seems to move horizontally only. It is very hard to tell the time. The air temperature is really variable. On our first trip in 2022, it really wasn't (relatively) that cold — only around minus 5 or 10 degrees during the day. On our second trip in 2024, we were hit by minus 30 almost every day, and with winds of 20 to 25 miles per hour. The last night we were on the ice that year, it warmed up a bit to minus 10 to 20, but the winds kicked up and started blowing snow onto the heaters attached to our tents. Those heaters started failing one by one as the blowing snow covered them, blocking airflow. After our heater failed, I asked myself, while warm in my bed, whether I wanted to go outside to the command tent for help or try to make it until dawn in my thick sleeping bag. I picked the first option, but mostly because the heater control was beeping loudly right next to my bunk, so I couldn’t sleep anyway. Shout-out to the ASL staff who ran around fixing heaters all night!

Q: How do you survive in a place generally inhospitable to humans?

A: In partnership with the native population, ASL brings a lot of gear — from insulated, heated tents and communications equipment to large snowblowers to keep the runway clear. A few months before OIC, participants attend training on what conditions you will be exposed to and how to protect yourself through appropriate clothing, and how to use survival gear in case of an emergency.

Q: Do you have plans to return to the Arctic?  

A: We are hoping to go back this winter as part of OIC 2026! We plan to test a through-ice communication device. Communicating through 4 to 12 feet of ice is pretty tricky but could allow us to connect underwater drones and stationary sensors under the ice to the rest of the world. To support the through-ice communication system, we will repurpose our sensor-node boxes deployed during OIC 2024. If this setup works, those same boxes could be used as control centers for all sorts of undersea systems and relay information about the under-ice world back home via satellite.

Q: What lessons learned will you bring to your upcoming trip, and any potential future trips?

A: After the first trip, I had a visceral understanding of how hard operating there is. Prototyping of systems becomes a different game. Prototypes are often fragile, but fragility doesn't go over too well on the ice. So, there is a robustification step, which can take some time.

On this last trip, I realized that you have to really be careful with your energy expenditure and pace yourself. While the average adult may require about 2,000 calories a day, an Arctic explorer may burn several times more than that exerting themselves (we do a lot of walking around camp) and keeping warm. Usually, we live on the same freeze-dried food that you would take on camping trips. Each package only has so many calories, so you find yourself eating multiple of those and supplementing with lots of snacks such as Clif Bars or, my favorite, Babybel cheeses (which I bring myself). You also have to be really careful of dehydration. Your body's reaction to extreme cold is to reduce blood flow to your skin, which generally results in less liquid in your body. We have to drink constantly — water, cocoa, and coffee — to avoid dehydration.

We only have access to the ice every two years with the Navy, so we try to make the most of our time. In the several-day lead-up to our field expedition, my research partner Ben and I were really pushing ourselves to ready our sensor nodes for deployment and probably not eating and drinking as regularly as we should. When we ventured to our sensor deployment site about 5 kilometers outside of camp, I had to learn to slow down so I didn't sweat under my gear, as sweating in the extremely cold conditions can quickly lead to hypothermia. I also learned to pay more attention to exposed places on my face, as I got a bit of frostnip around my goggles.

Operating in the Arctic is a fine balance: you can't spend too much time out there, but you also can't rush.

Vulnerabilities in electronic safes that use Securam Prologic locks:

While both their techniques represent glaring security vulnerabilities, Omo says it’s the one that exploits a feature intended as a legitimate unlock method for locksmiths that’s the more widespread and dangerous. “This attack is something where, if you had a safe with this kind of lock, I could literally pull up the code right now with no specialized hardware, nothing,” Omo says. “All of a sudden, based on our testing, it seems like people can get into almost any Securam Prologic lock in the world.”...

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