The pullback is more than three times the total investments canceled over the previous 30 months.

The organizations are calling on Congress to either ban the use of outside, private counsel or require more transparency.

The new technology — from a California firm and a British company — captures emissions from vessels that rely on heavy fuel oil for power while loading and unloading.

The state already has set limits on the ability of local governments to put new restrictions on building in floodplains.

The Consumer Watchdog lawsuit targets an agreement Insurance Commissioner Ricardo Lara struck with insurance companies last year.

German grid operator Amprion expects reduced solar output until the weekend.

New regulations aim to make products last longer and easier to repair.

Prime Minister Lawrence Wong said trade-dependent Singapore will double down where it can to “preserve the multilateral frameworks that matter” and press Southeast Asian nations to deepen regional integration.

At any given time, about 100,000 people in the U.S. are waiting to become kidney transplant recipients. Roughly one-fifth of those get a new kidney each year, but others die while waiting. In short, the demand for kidneys makes it important to think about how we use the limited supply.

A study co-authored by an MIT economist brings new data to this issue, providing nuanced estimates of the lifespan-lengthening effect of kidney transplants. That can be hard to measure well, but the study is the first to account for some of the complexities involved, including the decisions patients make when accepting kidney transplants, and some of their pre-existing health factors.

The research concludes the system in use produces an additional 9.29 life-years from transplantation (LYFT) for kidney recipients. (LYFT is the difference in median survival for those with and without transplants.) If the organs were assigned randomly to patients, the study finds, that LYFT average would only be 7.54 overall. From that perspective, the current transplant system is a net positive for patients. However, the study also finds that the LYFT figure could potentially be raised as high as 14.08, depending on how the matching system is structured.

In any case, more precise estimates about the benefits of kidney transplants can help inform policymakers about the dynamics of the matching system in use.

“There’s always this question about how to take the scarce number of organs being donated and place them efficiently, and place them well,” says MIT economist Nikhil Agarwal, co-author of a newly published paper detailing the study’s results. As he emphasizes, the point of the paper is to inform the ongoing refinement of the matching system, rather than advocate one viewpoint or another.

The paper, “Choices and Outcomes in Assignment Mechanisms: The Allocation of Deceased Donor Kidneys,” is published in the latest issue of Econometrica. The authors are Agarwal, who is a professor in MIT’s Department of Economics; Charles Hodgson, an assistant professor of economics at Yale University; and Paulo Somaini, an associate professor of economics in Stanford University’s Graduate School of Business.

After people die, there is a period lasting up to 48 hours when they could be viable organ donors. Potential kidney recipients are prioritized by time spent on wait-lists as well as tissue-type similarity, and can accept or reject any given transplant offer.

Over the last decade-plus, Agarwal has conducted significant empirical research on matching systems for organ donations, especially kidney transplants. To conduct this study, the researchers used comprehensive data about patients on the kidney wait-list from 2000-2010, made available by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, the national U.S. registry. This allowed the scholars to analyze both the matching system and the health effects of transplants; they track patient survival until February 2020.

The work is the first quasiexperimental study of kidney transplants; by carefully examining the decision-making tendencies of kidney recipients, along with many other health factors, the scholars are able to evaluate the effects of a transplant, other things being equal. Recipients are more likely to select kidney offers from donors who are younger, lacked hypertension, died of head trauma (suggesting their internal organs were healthy), and with whom they have perfect tissue-type matches.

“The [previous] methodology of estimating what are the life-years benefits was not incorporating this selection issue,” Agarwal says.

Additionally, overall, a key empirical feature of kidney transplants is that recipients who are healthier overall tend to have the largest realized life-years benefits from a transplant, meaning that the greatest increase in LYFT is not found in the set of patients with the worst health.

“You might think people who are the sickest and who are most likely to die without an organ are going to benefit the most from it [in added life-years],” Agarwal says. “But there might be some other comorbidity or factor that made them sick, and their body’s going to take a toll on the new organ, so the benefits might not be as large.”

With this in mind, the maximal LYFT number of 14.08 in the study comes from, broadly, a hypothetical scenario in which an increased number of otherwise healthy people receive transplants. Again, the current system tends to prioritize time spent on a wait-list. And some observers might advocate for a system that prioritizes those who are sickest. With all that in mind, the policymaking process for kidney transplants may still involve recognition that the biggest gains in patient life-years are not necessarily aligned with other prioritization factors.

“Our results indicate … a dilemma rooted in the tension between these two goals,” the authors write in the paper.

To be clear, Agarwal is not advocating for any one system over another, but conducting data-driven research so that policy officials can make more fully informed decisions in the ongoing, long-term process of trying to refine valuable transplant networks.

“I don’t necessarily think it’s my comparative advantage to make the ethical decisions, but we can at least think about and quantify what some of the tradeoffs are,” Agarwal adds.

Support for the research was provided in part by the National Science Foundation and by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. 

Many biological molecules exist as “diastereomers” — molecules that have the same chemical structure but different spatial arrangements of their atoms. In some cases, these slight structural differences can lead to significant changes in the molecules’ functions or chemical properties.

As one example, the cancer drug doxorubicin can have heart-damaging side effects in a small percentage of patients. However, a diastereomer of the drug, known as epirubicin, which has a single alcohol group that points in a different direction, is much less toxic to heart cells.

“There are a lot of examples like that in medicinal chemistry where something that seems small, such as the position of a single atom in space, may actually be really profound,” says Alison Wendlandt, an associate professor of chemistry at MIT.

Wendlandt’s lab is focused on designing new tools that can convert these molecules into different forms.  Her group is also working on similar tools that can change a molecule into a different constitutional isomer — a molecule that has an atom or chemical group located in a different spot, even though it has the same chemical formula as the original.

“If you have a target molecule and you needed to make it without such a tool, you would have to go back to the beginning and make the whole molecule again to get to the final structure that you wanted,” Wendlandt says.

These tools can also lend themselves to creating entirely new molecules that might be difficult or even impossible to build using traditional chemical synthesis techniques.

“We’re focused on a broad suite of selective transformations, the goal being to make the biggest impact on how you might envision making a molecule,” she says. “If you are able to open up access to the interconversion of molecular structures, you can then think completely differently about how you would make a molecule.”

From math to chemistry

As the daughter of two geologists, Wendlandt found herself immersed in science from a young age. Both of her parents worked at the Colorado School of Mines, and family vacations often involved trips to interesting geological formations.

In high school, she found math more appealing than chemistry, and she headed to the University of Chicago with plans to major in mathematics. However, she soon had second thoughts, after encountering abstract math.

“I was good at calculus and the kind of math you need for engineering, but when I got to college and I encountered topology and N-dimensional geometry, I realized I don’t actually have the skills for abstract math. At that point I became a little bit more open-minded about what I wanted to study,” she says.

Though she didn’t think she liked chemistry, an organic chemistry course in her sophomore year changed her mind.

“I loved the problem-solving aspect of it. I have a very, very bad memory, and I couldn’t memorize my way through the class, so I had to just learn it, and that was just so fun,” she says.

As a chemistry major, she began working in a lab focused on “total synthesis,” a research area that involves developing strategies to synthesize a complex molecule, often a natural compound, from scratch.

Although she loved organic chemistry, a lab accident — an explosion that injured a student in her lab and led to temporary hearing loss for Wendlandt — made her hesitant to pursue it further. When she applied to graduate schools, she decided to go into a different branch of chemistry — chemical biology. She studied at Yale University for a couple of years, but she realized that she didn’t enjoy that type of chemistry and left after receiving a master’s degree.

She worked in a lab at the University of Kentucky for a few years, then applied to graduate school again, this time at the University of Wisconsin. There, she worked in an organic chemistry lab, studying oxidation reactions that could be used to generate pharmaceuticals or other useful compounds from petrochemicals.

After finishing her PhD in 2015, Wendlandt went to Harvard University for a postdoc, working with chemistry professor Eric Jacobsen. There, she became interested in selective chemical reactions that generate a particular isomer, and began studying catalysts that could perform glycosylation — the addition of sugar molecules to other molecules — at specific sites.

Editing molecules

Since joining the MIT faculty in 2018, Wendlandt has worked on developing catalysts that can convert a molecule into its mirror image or an isomer of the original.

In 2022, she and her students developed a tool called a stereo-editor, which can alter the arrangement of chemical groups around a central atom known as a stereocenter. This editor consists of two catalysts that work together to first add enough energy to remove an atom from a stereocenter, then replace it with an atom that has the opposite orientation. That energy input comes from a photocatalyst, which converts captured light into energy.

“If you have a molecule with an existing stereocenter, and you need the other enantiomer, typically you would have to start over and make the other enantiomer. But this new method tries to interconvert them directly, so it gives you a way of thinking about molecules as dynamic,” Wendlandt says. “You could generate any sort of three-dimensional structure of that molecule, and then in an independent step later, you could completely reorganize the 3D structure.”

She has also developed tools that can convert common sugars such as glucose into other isomers, including allose and other sugars that are difficult to isolate from natural sources, and tools that can create new isomers of steroids and alcohols. She is now working on ways to convert six-membered carbon rings to seven or eight-membered rings, and to add, subtract, or replace some of the chemical groups attached to the rings.

“I’m interested in creating general tools that will allow us to interconvert static structures. So, that may be taking a certain functional group and moving it to another part of the molecule entirely, or taking large rings and making them small rings,” she says. “Instead of thinking of molecules that we assemble as static, we’re thinking about them now as potentially dynamic structures, which could change how we think about making organic molecules.”

This approach also opens up the possibility of creating brand new molecules that haven’t been seen before, Wendlandt says. This could be useful, for example, to create drug molecules that interact with a target enzyme in just the right way.

“There’s a huge amount of chemical space that’s still unknown, bizarre chemical space that just has not been made. That’s in part because maybe no one has been interested in it, or because it’s just too hard to make that specific thing,” she says. “These kinds of tools give you access to isomers that are maybe not easily made.”

Nature Climate Change, Published online: 17 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41558-025-02315-z

Coastal communities are at risk from extreme coastal storms. This study leverages US tide gauge data from 1950–2020 to show that likelihood estimates of storm surge extremes have been underpredicted at 85% of gauge sites and finds regional likely changes in their frequency over that historical monitoring period.

The move elicited a sharp rebuke from New York Gov. Kathy Hochul, who vowed to "fight this every step of the way."

Anders Sejr Hansen, Class of 1943 Career Development Professor in the Department of Biological Engineering, has been named as the recipient of the 2024-25 Harold E. Edgerton Faculty Achievement Award.

The annual award was established in fall 1982 as a permanent tribute to Institute Professor Emeritus Harold E. Edgerton for his great and enduring support for younger faculty members over the years. The purpose of the award is to recognize exceptional distinction in teaching, in research, and in service.

Hansen is the principal investigator of the Hansen Lab, which develops new methods to resolve 3D genome structure at high spatiotemporal resolution to understand how DNA looping and 3D folding regulates gene expression in health and disease. His areas of research include cancer biology, computational systems biology, instrumentation and measurement, and synthetic biology.

“My research focuses on how the expression of our genes is regulated,” says Hansen. “All the cells in our body have the same DNA and the same genes. Thus, the software or applications to each cell are the same. What’s different between a neuron and a blood cell is what genes they choose to express. My research focuses on understanding how this regulation takes place.”

Those who nominated Anders for the award emphasized his remarkable productivity, mentioning his two “highly cited, paradigm-shifting research articles in Science and Nature Genetics,” and his research presentations at 50 invited talks, including two keynotes, at universities and conferences worldwide. They also highlighted his passion for mentorship and career development for the 20 current members of his laboratory.

“Anders is an outstanding role model and ambassador of biological engineering, combining a powerful research program, run as a caring mentor, and innovative undergraduate education,” says Christopher Voigt, the Daniel I.C. Wang Professor in Biological Engineering and head of the Department of Biological Engineering.

Adds Laurie Boyer, a professor of biology and biological engineering, “His work reveals new insights into how we think about the dynamics of gene regulation that would not otherwise be possible. The Hansen Lab’s work provides a unified framework rapidly adopted by the field to learn how conserved regulators provide exquisite spatial and temporal control of gene expression in the context of 3D genome architecture.”

During the nomination process, students praised Hansen’s passion for his work, along with his ability to prepare them to apply their education outside the classroom.

“He always strives to guide each lab member towards both short-term scientific success and long-term career planning through regular one-on-one meetings, facilitating collaborations and access to scientific resources, and sharing his own experiences,” says Jin Yang, a graduate student in biological engineering and member of the Hansen Lab.

“Dr. Hansen's infectious excitement for the course material made it very enjoyable to come to class and envision potential applications of the fundamental topics he taught,” adds another one of his students. “Excellent lecturer!”

Hansen obtained his undergraduate and master’s degree in chemistry at Oxford University. He received his PhD in chemistry and chemical biology from Harvard University, where he applied systems biology approaches to understand how cells can encode and transmit information in the dynamics of transcription factor activation. For his postdoc at the University of California at Berkeley, Hansen developed new imaging approaches for dissecting the dynamics of architectural proteins with single-molecule resolution in living cells. Hansen joined MIT as an assistant professor of biological engineering in early 2020.

His recognitions include an NIH K99 Pathway to Independence Award (2019), NIH Director’s New Innovator Award (2020), a Pew-Stewart Scholar for Cancer Research Award (2021), an NSF CAREER Award (2024), and an NIH Director’s Transformative Research Award (2024).

Hansen has served on several committees at MIT, including the MIT Biological Engineering Graduate Program Admissions Committee, the MIT Computational and Systems Biology Graduate Admissions Committee, and the MIT Biological Engineering Graduate Recruiting Committee, of which he has been chair since 2023.

“I have known about the Edgerton Award since I started at MIT, and I think the broad focus on both research, teaching, and service really captures what makes MIT such a unique and wonderful place,” says Hansen. “I was therefore absolutely thrilled to receive the news that I would receive the Edgerton Award this year, and I am very grateful to all the wonderful colleagues here at MIT who have supported me over the years, and all the exceptional people in my lab whose work is being recognized.”

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), the German polymath whose life and work embodied the connections between the arts and sciences, is said to have described architecture as “frozen music.” 

When the new Edward and Joyce Linde Music Building at MIT had its public opening earlier this year, the temperature outside may have been below freezing but the performances inside were a warm-up for the inaugural concert that took place in the evening. During the afternoon, visitors were invited to workshops in Balinese gamelan and Senegalese drumming, alongside performances by the MIT Chamber Music Society, MIT Festival Jazz Ensemble, and the MIT Laptop Ensemble (FaMLE), demonstrating the synergy between global music traditions and contemporary innovation in music technology. The building was filled with visitors from the MIT community and the Boston area, keen to be among the first to enter the new building and discover what MIT Music had planned for the opening occasion.

The evening’s landmark concert, Sonic Jubilance, celebrated the building’s completion and the pivotal role of MIT Music and Theater Arts (MTA) at the center of life on campus. The program was distinguished by five world premieres by MIT composers: “Summit and Mates,” by assistant professor in jazz Miguel Zenón; “Grace,” by senior lecturer in music Charles Shadle; “Two Noble Kinsmen,” by professor emeritus in music John Harbison; and “Madrigal,” by Keeril Makan, the Michael (1949) and Sonja Koerner Music Composition Professor. 

The premieres were interwoven through the program with performances by MIT ensembles demonstrating the breadth and depth of the conservatory-level music program — from the European classical tradition to Brazilian beats to Boston jazz (the full list of participating ensembles can be found below). 

Each performance demonstrated the different ways the space could be used to create new relationships between musicians and audiences. Designed in the round by the architecture firm SANAA, the Thomas Tull Concert Hall allows sound to resonate from the circular stage or from the aisles above the tiered seating; performers might be positioned below, above, or even in the midst of the audience.

“Music has been a part of MIT's curriculum and culture from the beginning,” said Chancellor Melissa Nobles in her opening address. “Arriving at this magnificent space has taken the collective efforts of past presidents, provosts, deans, faculty, alumni, and students, all working to get us here this evening.” 

Jay Scheib, the Class of 1949 Professor and MIT MTA section head, emphasized the vital role of Music at MIT as a source of cohesion and creativity for students, faculty, and the wider MIT community. 

“The new building is an extraordinary home for us. As a destination to convene communities around world musics and cultures, to engage in emerging music technologies, and to experience concerts and premieres featuring our extraordinary students and our internationally renowned faculty — the Edward and Joyce Linde Music Building is truly a transformational thing." 

The concert was also the launch event of Artfinity, MIT’s largest public festival of the arts since 2011, featuring more than 80 free performing and visual arts events. The concert hall will host performances throughout the spring, ranging from classical to jazz to rap, and more.

Institute Professor Marcus Thompson — the faculty co-lead for Artfinity alongside Azra Akšamija, director and associate professor of the Art, Culture, and Technology Program (ACT) at MIT — shared thoughts on the Edward and Joyce Linde Music Building as a point of orientation for the festival. 

“Our building offers the opportunity to point to the presence and importance of other art forms, media, practices, and experiences that can bring us together as practitioners and audiences, lifting our spirits and our sights,” Thompson reflected. “An ensemble of any kind is a community as well as a metaphor for what connects us, applying different talents to create more than we can do alone.”

The new compositions by the four faculty members were a case in point. The program opened with “Summit,” a brass fanfare projected from the top of the hall with ceremonial zeal. “The piece was specifically written as an opener for the concert,” Zenón explained. “My aim was to compose something that would make a statement straight away, while also using the idea of the ‘groove’ as a driving force. The title has two meanings. The first is a mountaintop, or the top of a structure — which is where the ensemble will be placed for the performance. The second is a gathering of great minds and great leaders, which is what MIT feels like for me.” Later in the program, Zenón premiered a jazz contrafact, “Mates,” playing on Benny Golson’s Stablemates, a tribute to Herb Pomeroy, founder of MIT’s jazz program. “The idea here is to use something connected to the jazz tradition — and to Boston’s history — and approach it from a more personal perspective,” said Zenón.

“Two Noble Kinsmen,” by Harbison, was composed as a benediction for the new home of MIT Music. “In choosing to set Shakespeare’s final words in this new piece for choir and strings, I wanted to convey the sense of an invocation, an introduction, an address to unseen forces,” said Harbison. “In this case, I wanted to leave the musical structure as plain as possible so that we understand why these words are chosen. I hoped to capture the stoic balance of these lines — they are in themselves a kind of verbal music.”

In setting the words of the poem “Grace,” by the Chickasaw poet Linda Hogan, Shadle — a composer of Choctaw heritage — envisioned a “sonic extension” of the MIT Land Acknowledgement. “‘Grace’ intended to speak to the Indigenous presence at the Institute and to open the new building with a reminder of the balm music that can bring to a troubled world,” said Shadle. “I hope that I have composed music that links Indigenous and Western traditions in ways that are compelling and thoughtful and that, while recognizing the ‘pieces of hurt,’ still makes a place for grace.”

Before the concert’s euphoric finale — a performance by Rambax Senegalese Drum Ensemble directed by Lamine Touré — “Madrigal” (the evening’s fourth world premiere) served to demonstrate the spatial dimensions of sound made possible by the design of the concert hall. 

Makan’s composition was performed by four student violinists positioned at the top of each aisle and a fifth, Professor Natalie Lin Douglas, at the center of the stage, simultaneously showcasing the geometry of the hall and referencing the ever-shifting perspectives of the sculpture that stands at the north entrance of the building — “Madrigal (2024),” by Sanford Biggers.

“My piece aims to capture the multifaceted quality of Sanford Biggers’ sculpture. From whichever vantage point we might look at it, we see the same patterns in new relationships with one another. In other words, there is no one point of view that is privileged over another.”

As faculty lead for the building project, Makan developed a friendship with Joyce Linde, who provided the principal gift that led to the building. “Joyce and I were on the selection committee to choose an artist to create a site-specific sculpture outside the building. She was very excited about the process, and very engaged with Sanford,” said Makan. “Joyce passed away before she was able to see the building’s completion, and I wanted to honor her legacy by writing an original piece of music in her memory.”

That sense of relationship, pattern-making, and new beginnings was articulated by Frederick Harris, director and senior lecturer in music and the co-producer of the concert, alongside Andy Wilds, program manager in music. “The hall is an instrument; we’re communing with this incredible space and getting to know it,” said Harris. “It’s a relationship. The circular form of the hall is very welcoming, not only to immersive experiences but also to shared experiences.”

The role of music in cultivating community will ensure that the building will become an integral part of MIT life. The work taking place in rehearsal rooms matches the innovation of the Institute’s labs — proving that the arts are a necessary counterpart to science and technology, continuous with the human instinct to express and invent. Sonic Jubilance sets the tone of what’s to come. 

MIT Music ensembles (in order of concert appearance):

• MIT Concert Choir

• MIT Chamber Chorus

• MIT Chamber Music Society

• MIT Vocal Jazz Ensemble

• MIT Jazz Advanced Music Performance Ensemble

• MIT Axiom Ensemble

• MIT Wind Ensemble

• MIT Gamelan Galak Tika

• Rambax MIT
   

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When Michael Benjamin, principal research scientist in the MIT Center for Ocean Engineering, arrived at MIT 25 years ago, only professors and postdocs were allowed to touch the department’s underwater vehicles. The vehicles were expensive, he explains, and required extensive training to operate.

“People were scared to death about losing or damaging them, [and] there was no education pipeline to teach students,” he says, adding that the introduction of class 2.680 (Marine Autonomy, Sensing, and Communication) changed this a lot, by creating a class where undergraduate and graduate students could learn to write autonomy code, and run their software on robots on the Charles River. The addition of class 2.S01 (Introduction to Autonomous Underwater Vehicles) last year took the hands-on learning opportunities even further.

“2.S01 is a return to our roots: underwater vehicles. We wanted to create a learning environment where every student handles a robot, and no one is afraid about losing one,” he says. Each student is sent home with an electronics kit, which Benjamin calls the heart of the robot. “They can experiment all they want in their dorm room, and we’ll give them another kit if they break it.”

The AUVs and student test kits in 2.S01 were designed and built by Supun Randeni, a research scientist in mechanical engineering and the primary lecturer and content creator of 2.S01, and Captain Michael Sacarny from MIT Sea Grant. “Dr. Randeni and Captain Sacarny are the geniuses behind the class,” says Benjamin. Together, Randeni and Sacarny run the hands-on lab instruction.

The goal is to expand education and research opportunities to include a larger and younger group of students. “It’s the exact opposite of 25 years ago, when only a privileged few people were allowed to get inside the robot,” says Benjamin. “Student growth and interest is directly related to the degree they have ‘ownership’ of their robot. Physical possession, but also responsibility for its safe operation and return.”

2.S01 provides students with an in-depth insight into autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), by introducing theoretical and practical aspects of the AUV design process. This includes fundamentals of naval architecture, electrical systems design, mechanical design, and software design. Students assemble their own AUVs by using a kit of parts and guidance from instructors, beginning with core electronics and building out a full vehicle for deployment in the Charles River on the MIT campus in the final weeks.

Among the activities, students engage in waterproofing vacuum tests, pre-launch sub-system tests, and dockside tests for ballasting, all followed by in-water low-level control tuning runs. Students also construct autonomy missions — first in simulation, followed by in-water autonomous missions to conduct an environmental survey in the Charles River. The course’s final labs include group competitions involving in-water challenges. For the second iteration of the course, which starts in late March, the instructors plan to add more labs that allow the students to explore the intricacies of the electronic, more simulations options, and more water time.

Adowyn Bryne, a second-year mechanical engineering (MechE) student, took the course last year as a member of the first cohort, but this wasn’t her first experience with underwater vehicles. She’d participated in a SeaPerch program in high school. “I chose 2.S01 because I wanted to learn about more complex underwater vehicles,” says Bryne. “I didn’t find out until later in the semester that SeaPerch was actually started at MIT Sea Grant!”

Benjamin says he hopes there are a few things that first-year students take away from participating in 2.S01: first, an understanding that marine robotics is a very cross-disciplinary effort, involving mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, control theory, computer science and ocean science; and, second, the opportunity to view the effort as a gateway to exploring and understanding the ocean. Students says it’s that, and so much more.

Isabella Yeung, a third-year Course 12 student, took the class during her sophomore year after participating in an MIT Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) in the MIT Sea Grant Bio Lab with Carolina Bastidas. Bastidas is a research scientist in MIT Sea Grant's Marine Advisory Services group.

“While UROP-ing, I’d seen many AUVs and other projects being developed at MIT Sea Grant,” Yeung says. “I was curious to learn more and have a deeper insight into what they were doing. This class was a prime opportunity to jump into the world of marine robotics without having any background in Course 2.”

She called the course “easily one of the most hands-on (and downright fun) classes” she’s ever taken, adding that she appreciated having the opportunity to assemble and deploy the AUV.

“As someone who enjoys tinkering, I appreciated the opportunity to get my hands dirty — quite literally, with grease and Charles [River] water,” says Yeung. “I looked forward to all of the classes, especially the deployment sessions. Nothing quite matched the sheer rush of launching our program, rushing to drop the AUV into the Charles, and engaging in a boat chase, hoping it hadn’t gone rogue.”

Bryne advises students considering the course to not worry too much if the class lines up with a particular career path they’re considering. “Your first year is about exploring. If you’re interested in the class, take it! You might find a new area of interest. Regardless of whether you want to keep learning about AUVs, you’ll get valuable transferable skills and have a lot of fun.”

Bryne, herself, says the experience is helping to set the stage for exploring future interests and opportunities. “Every time I’ve gotten to do something with robots, I’ve loved it,” she says, “but I’m also very passionate about women’s health. I want to design medical technology specifically for women, but I definitely think there’s room to incorporate robotics into that. It’s great that MechE is such a broad field, and that the curriculum at MIT allows me to explore so many potential areas of study.”

Many diseases are caused by dysfunctional gene expression that leads to too much or too little of a given protein. Efforts to cure those diseases include everything from editing genes to inserting new genetic snippets into cells to injecting the missing proteins directly into patients.

CAMP4 is taking a different approach. The company is targeting a lesser-known player in the regulation of gene expression known as regulatory RNA. CAMP4 co-founder and MIT Professor Richard Young has shown that by interacting with molecules called transcription factors, regulatory RNA plays an important role in controlling how genes are expressed. CAMP4’s therapeutics target regulatory RNA to increase the production of proteins and put patients’ levels back into healthy ranges.

The company’s approach holds promise for treating diseases caused by defects in gene expression, such as metabolic diseases, heart conditions, and neurological disorders. Targeting regulatory RNAs as opposed to genes could also offer more precise treatments than existing approaches.

“If I just want to fix a single gene’s defective protein output, I don’t want to introduce something that makes that protein at high, uncontrolled amounts,” says Young, who is also a core member of the Whitehead Institute. “That’s a huge advantage of our approach: It’s more like a correction than sledgehammer.”

CAMP4’s lead drug candidate targets urea cycle disorders (UCDs), a class of chronic conditions caused by a genetic defect that limits the body’s ability to metabolize and excrete ammonia. A phase 1 clinical trial has shown CAMP4’s treatment is safe and tolerable for humans, and in preclinical studies the company has shown its approach can be used to target specific regulatory RNA in the cells of humans with UCDs to restore gene expression to healthy levels.

“This has the potential to treat very severe symptoms associated with UCDs,” says Young, who co-founded CAMP4 with cancer genetics expert Leonard Zon, a professor at Harvard Medical School. “These diseases can be very damaging to tissues and causes a lot of pain and distress. Even a small effect in gene expression could have a huge benefit to patients, who are generally young.”

Mapping out new therapeutics

Young, who has been a professor at MIT since 1984, has spent decades studying how genes are regulated. It’s long been known that molecules called transcription factors, which orchestrate gene expression, bind to DNA and proteins. Research published in Young’s lab uncovered a previously unknown way in which transcription factors can also bind to RNA. The finding indicated RNA plays an underappreciated role in controlling gene expression.

CAMP4 was founded in 2016 with the initial idea of mapping out the signaling pathways that govern the expression of genes linked to various diseases. But as Young’s lab discovered and then began to characterize the role of regulatory RNA in gene expression around 2020, the company pivoted to focus on targeting regulatory RNA using therapeutic molecules known as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), which have been used for years to target specific messenger RNA sequences.

CAMP4 began mapping the active regulatory RNAs associated with the expression of every protein-coding gene and built a database, which it calls its RAP Platform, that helps it quickly identify regulatory RNAs to target  specific diseases and select ASOs that will most effectively bind to those RNAs.

Today, CAMP4 is using its platform to develop therapeutic candidates it believes can restore healthy protein levels to patients.

“The company has always been focused on modulating gene expression,” says CAMP4 Chief Financial Officer Kelly Gold MBA ’09. “At the simplest level, the foundation of many diseases is too much or too little of something being produced by the body. That is what our approach aims to correct.”

Accelerating impact

CAMP4 is starting by going after diseases of the liver and the central nervous system, where the safety and efficacy of ASOs has already been proven. Young believes correcting genetic expression without modulating the genes themselves will be a powerful approach to treating a range of complex diseases.

“Genetics is a powerful indicator of where a deficiency lies and how you might reverse that problem,” Young says. “There are many syndromes where we don’t have a complete understanding of the underlying mechanism of disease. But when a mutation clearly affects the output of a gene, you can now make a drug that can treat the disease without that complete understanding.”

As the company continues mapping the regulatory RNAs associated with every gene, Gold hopes CAMP4 can eventually minimize its reliance on wet-lab work and lean more heavily on machine learning to leverage its growing database and quickly identify regRNA targets for every disease it wants to treat.

In addition to its trials in urea cycle disorders, the company plans to launch key preclinical safety studies for a candidate targeting seizure disorders with a genetic basis, this year. And as the company continues exploring drug development efforts around the thousands of genetic diseases where increasing protein levels are can have a meaningful impact, it’s also considering collaborating with others to accelerate its impact.

“I can conceive of companies using a platform like this to go after many targets, where partners fund the clinical trials and use CAMP4 as an engine to target any disease where there’s a suspicion that gene upregulation or downregulation is the way to go,” Young says.

Mitre’s CVE’s program—which provides common naming and other informational resources about cybersecurity vulnerabilities—was about to be cancelled, as the US Department of Homeland Security failed to renew the contact. It was funded for eleven more months at the last minute.

This is a big deal. The CVE program is one of those pieces of common infrastructure that everyone benefits from. Losing it will bring us back to a world where there’s no single way to talk about vulnerabilities. It’s kind of crazy to think that the US government might damage its own security in this way—but I suppose no crazier than any of the other ways the US is working against its own interests right now...

In nearly 30 years, the United States has never failed to send the United Nations its data on planet-warming pollution. This could be the first time.

The oil giant's attorney said Rhode Island got it wrong in 2018 when it became the first state to sue the oil and gas industry for climate damages.